The Lower Depths

The Lower Depths is Russian playwright Maxim Gorky’s best-known drama. Written in the winter of 1901 into the spring of 1902, it depicts a group of poor Russians living in a shelter near the Volga. Produced by the Moscow Arts Theatre on December 18, 1902, the play was soon embraced as a hallmark of Russian social realism. It plays on the theme of the harsh truth versus the comfortable lie, a thread that runs throughout the work, as most of the characters choose to deceive themselves about the bleakness of their situation.

Some say that Gorky’s characters were inspired by the inhabitants of the Bugrov Homeless Shelter in Nizhny Novgorod. When the Moscow Arts Theatre actors were preparing to delve into their roles for the play’s first run in 1902, Gorky provided them with photographs of the denizens of Nizhny Novgorod in order to prepare them to accurately embody the characters physically and mentally.

The first act opens on a cellar that resembles a cave, with only one small window to illuminate the space. In one corner there is a room partitioned off by thin slats of wood, belonging to Vaska, a young thief. Kvashnya, Nastya, and the Baron live in the kitchen. Kvashnya is a vendor of meat pies and Nastya is a streetwalker. The Baron is old and decrepit, living mostly off Nastya’s earnings. Surrounding the rooms are bunks occupied by other lodgers.



Nastya is sitting with her head down, fully absorbed in the novel she is reading called Fatal Love. The Baron grabs the book out of Nastya’s hands, reading the title aloud. He then hits Nastya over the head with the book, proclaiming her a lovesick fool. Upon hearing the noise, Satine rises from his bunk with much effort. He is clearly in pain. Though his memory is foggy, he can recall that he took a beating the night before. He finds out through other people that he was caught cheating at cards. From an upper bunk, the Actor expresses his belief that someday Satine will be beaten to death.

The landlady is a strict woman who insists that they clean every day. The Actor reminds the Baron that he needs to sweep the floor. The Baron announces to everyone around that he needs to go shopping, and he and Kvashnya head out to make the necessary purchases for the day ahead. The Actor, climbing down from his bunk, says that he cannot be made to sweep the floor as the doctor has told him that he has an organ that is poisoned by alcohol and that doing any physical labor would worsen his condition.

Meanwhile, in her bunk, Anna is coughing loudly. She dying from consumption, and her situation seems hopeless. Anna calls out to her husband, Kleshtch, offering him the dumplings left for her by Kvasnhnya. He agrees that there is no point to feed a woman who is clearly dying and proceeds to eat the dumplings guilt-free.



The Actor helps Anna down from her bunk and out into the hallway. As they are passing through the door, the landlord, Kostilyoff enters. He checks out the dirty cellar, stating that Kleshtch, the locksmith, takes up too much space, proceeds to raise the rent. He then walks towards Vaska’s room, asking about his wife. Kostilyoff has a well-founded suspicion that Vaska is sleeping with his wife, Vassilisa. Vaska, on the other hand, is already thinking about discarding Vassilisa for her sister, Natasha, who enters shortly thereafter, accompanied by the tramp, Luka.

That night, Anna is trying to sleep in her bunk while a rowdy game of cards is taking place. Their voices suddenly rise as they accuse Satine of cheating. Luke manages to get them to quiet down. Vassilisa enters and offers Vaska money to kill her husband so that she may be free. Luka overhears the conversation and warns Vaska not to make a deal with Vassilisa. Luka then goes over to Anna’s bunk where he discovers that she is dead. Kleshtch is called to view the body and dispose of it.

Vassilisa has grown jealous of her sister Natasha and she beats her and pours boiling water on her feet in retaliation. Vaska attempts to rescue her, inciting a brawl in which Kostilyoff is killed. Vassilisa accuses Vaska of murdering her husband, and Natasha believes that Vaska has killed Kostilyoff for Vassilisa, a thought which drives her mad. Both of the sisters are accusing Vaska of murder. He manages to avoid being questioned by the police.



Luka senses danger on the horizon and takes off, never to be heard of again. Everyone joins in singing in the courtyard and the Baron arrives to deliver the news of the Actor’s suicide. Satine, who had been leading the sing-along, tells the Baron that he interrupted their song.