Grant examines the broader systems that shape individuals’ abilities to achieve success. The focus shifts from personal character skills to the structural opportunities that allow for the realization of hidden potential. Grant highlights the critical role of systemic support in schools, teams, and organizations to provide fair chances for everyone.

Grant cites research by economist Raj Chetty, who analyzed how opportunity influences who becomes an inventor. By linking federal income tax returns with patent records, Chetty’s team discovered that children from the wealthiest 1% of families are 10 times more likely to become inventors compared to those from median-income families. Even among students with similar cognitive abilities, those from high-income backgrounds had a significantly higher likelihood of inventing. This discrepancy underscores how wealth and environment play pivotal roles in shaping potential. Chetty’s research also shows that geographical location impacts innovation. Children who move to areas with higher rates of innovation are more likely to file patents as adults. This finding emphasizes the importance of environment and exposure to role models in fostering innovation.

Grant argues that creating equitable systems involves recognizing and nurturing potential in all individuals, regardless of their starting point.