Descent into Hell

Descent into Hell is a 1937 novel by the British writer, theologian, and literary critic Charles Williams. A psychological thriller with spiritual themes, Descent into Hell describes an outbreak of supernatural chaos in the fictional English suburb of Battle Hill. The story is told in a non-linear way, with multiple jumps in time and point of view.

The famous poet and playwright Peter Stanhope has invited a local amateur theatre group to stage his latest play in his garden. Led by the competent Mrs. Parry, the theatre group begins rehearsals, but they cannot agree on what the play is about. As they argue the point, Williams makes fun of them: they have all missed the point, because they insist on applying fashionable theories, which they don’t understand. One group of actors holds that the play is about “undifferentiated sex forces.”

Only one of the actors ignores this argument. Pauline Anstruther, who plays a nature spirit, sees the true value of the play. However, she is distracted by another concern. Since childhood, she has been haunted by a doppelganger. Every now and again, while walking alone, she sees her doppelganger at a distance, approaching her. It always vanishes before she reaches it.



Recognizing that Pauline appreciates his play, Stanhope and she become friends. The more time she spends learning her lines—Stanhope’s poetry—the more sensitive she becomes to his unusual ideas. Eventually, Pauline confesses to Stanhope that she is plagued by her doppelganger.

Stanhope is not only sympathetic: he offers to take onto himself the burden of her fear and sadness. Pauline wants to know how that could be possible. Stanhope quotes the Bible: "Ye shall bear one another's burdens" (Galatians, 6:2) and sets out a theological idea of Williams’s, that through love it is possible for one person to take on another person’s emotional burdens. Stanhope cannot protect Pauline from the doppelganger, but he can take away her fear of it: “The thing itself you may one day meet--never mind that now, but you'll be free from all distress because that you can pass on to me.”

Pauline accepts Stanhope’s offer. She finds that she is freed of her lifelong burden of fear. She relates to herself and others differently. For the first time, she makes a meaningful connection with her grandmother, Mrs. Anstruther. Pauline has been living with Mrs. Anstruther since her parents’ death. Now Mrs. Anstruther is dying, and Pauline is caring for her, but her love for her grandmother has been dutiful rather than devoted.



Freed from her fear, Pauline sees how much her grandmother loves her. She tells Mrs. Anstruther about the doppelganger and Stanhope’s offer. Pauline explains that she feels called to take another person’s suffering upon herself: Mrs. Anstruther suggests their dead ancestor, John Struther, who was burned as a heretic.

Meanwhile, the spiritual energy released by the play is having sinister consequences elsewhere in Battle Hill. We learn that the modern housing estate, “The Hill” as the residents call it, was built on the site of a long sequence of historical battles (hence the name). The “magnetism of death” created by this bloody history continues to influence its inhabitants.

While the estate was being built in the 1920s, an unnamed laborer, touched by the “magnetism of death” and despairing of the poverty and hardship of his life, hanged himself from the scaffolding of the house he was building. Ever since, the laborer’s spirit has been trapped, reliving the violence and self-hatred of his suicide.



The house in question is occupied now by Lawrence Wentworth, an academic historian. Wentworth has two passing connections to Stanhope’s play. He has offered some historical advice to the producer, and he also has an unrequited passion for the pretty but proud Adela Hunt, who plays the heroine. Her boyfriend, Hugh Prescott, plays the lead. Wentworth is consumed with jealousy.

The narrator suggests that in other ways, too, Wentworth’s mind is turning inwards. He has begun to cheat slightly in his work: “He was beginning to twist the intention of the sentences in his authorities, preferring strange meanings and awkward constructions, adjusting evidence, manipulating words. In defense of his conclusion, he was willing to cheat in the evidence—a habit more usual to religious writers than to historical.”

When Adela rejects Wentworth’s advances, he turns to black magic, creating a demonic double with Adela’s appearance that exists only to serve him.



As the hour of Mrs. Anstruther’s death approaches, she begins to see the face of the dead laborer peering in at her window. She tells Pauline to go to Wentworth’s house; someone there needs her. Even though Pauline assumes that Mrs. Anstruther is confused and delirious, she feels that she has to go.
She encounters the suicide and takes upon herself the burden of his suffering.

The novel closes with Wentworth, who has retreated into his own private universe. His scholarship is increasingly false. He dotes on his magical servant-lover. The narrator suggests that Wentworth is beyond help.

Like his friends, the writers J.R.R. Tolkien (author of The Lord of the Rings) and C.S. Lewis (author of the Narnia books), Williams explores theological themes through non-realist fiction. Descent into Hell is a meditation on sin, unconditional love, and redemption, as well as a satire of middle-class English life.